A new scientific study reveals the molecular mechanism allowing bowhead whales to live over two centuries without signs of aging. The discovery illuminates how their cells repair DNA with extraordinary precision, drastically reducing the risk of cancer and degeneration.
Bowhead whales can live for over two centuries and show virtually no signs of age-related decay. Scientists have long wondered how such massive mammals maintain healthy cells for decades. A new study sheds light on the molecular mechanism that helps whales avoid genetic collapses, as reported by Earth.
Why they don't age as we would expect
The bowhead whale is one of the largest mammals on the planet. Yet, the cells of these animals are remarkably resilient to damage. It is not an "indestructible" organism, but rather possesses the ability to effectively repair genetic wear before it develops into disease. This approach is particularly interesting in light of Peto's paradox, which suggests that larger animals do not develop cancer more frequently, despite having many more cells.
DNA repair
Scientists discovered that the key to the longevity of bowhead whales is linked to DNA repair. Their cells are much more efficient at restoring dangerous double-strand breaks, maintaining unusually low mutation rates throughout their lives. This reduces the risk of both cancer and age-related tissue degeneration.
The role of the CIRBP protein
The study focused on the CIRBP protein, which is involved in cellular stress responses. Bowhead whales possess it in particularly high concentrations. CIRBP binds to damaged DNA and helps organize the repair process by interacting with molecular damage "sensors." "We found that perhaps part of the mechanism is the extremely precise and efficient repair of DNA breaks," said Vera Gorbunova, a professor and lead researcher of the study at the University of Rochester Medical Center.
Comparison of whale cells and other mammals
In the laboratory, researchers compared bowhead whale skin cells with those of humans, mice, and cows. The whale cells focused on repairing damaged cells instead of destroying them. Both primary DNA repair pathways—homologous recombination and non-homologous end joining—were more accurate and stable in them compared to other species.
The effect of cold
The living environment also plays a role. Bowhead whales live in Arctic waters, and their body temperature is lower than that of most warm-blooded animals. Experiments have shown that colder conditions increase CIRBP levels, even in human cells. This does not mean that cold itself extends life, but it may activate cellular defense mechanisms.
The big picture of longevity
A comparison of different mammal species shows that the longer the lifespan of an organism, the lower the annual mutation rate. Bowhead whales fit this pattern, relying on accurate DNA repair instead of the aggressive removal of damaged cells.
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